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Here, Katherine Tate examines the significance of race in the U.S. system of representative democracy for African Americans. Presenting important new findings, she offers the first empirical study to take up the question of representation from both sides of the constituent-representative relationship. The first half of the book examines whether black members of the U.S. House legislate and represent their constituents differently than white members do. Representation is broadly conceptualized to include not only legislators' roll call voting behavior and bill sponsorship, but also the symbolic acts in which they engage. The second half looks at the issue of representation from the perspective of ordinary African Americans based on a landmark national survey. Tate's findings are mixed. But, in the main, legislators' race does shape how they represent their constituents and how constituents evaluate them. African Americans view black representatives more positively than they do white representatives, even those who belong to their own political party. Black legislators, however, are just as likely as white representatives to sponsor and gain passage of bills in the House. Tate also concludes that black House members are more liberal as a group than are their black constituents, but that there is considerable divergence in the quality and type of representation they provide. The findings reported here will generate controversy in the fields of politics, law, and race, particularly as debate commences over renewing the Voting Rights Act, which is set to expire in 2007.

What is representation?" is a question that has been raised and discussed many times over. In Bringing Representation Home, Michael A. Smith strays from the norm by asking instead, "How can we discover what representation is?" In pursuing the answer to this question, Smith focuses on what representation is in practice, not what it is in theory. Over the course of two legislative sessions, Smith interviewed and observed twelve U.S. state representatives in an effort to better understand and define their approaches to representation. He offers generalizations, but only after grounding his study in descriptions of representatives performing their jobs. The twelve representatives are divided into four categories: Burkeans, in-district advocates, advocates beyond the district, and ombudspersons. Burkeans emphasize character and experience, advocates stress "socializing the conflict, " and ombudspersons underscore listening, responding, and compromising. Smith superbly builds his argument for this classification through an assortment of illustrative examples. He also makes a strong case that home style--the symbolic presentation that a representative makes at home in seeking political support from constituents--is a product of the interaction between the legislator's personality and progressive ambition with the district's characteristics and politics. Smith contends that the key to an effective representational strategy is for a representative to have not only an ideology that reflects the politics of his or her community, but also an understanding of the district's interests, informed by interactions with organized constituencies at home. Smith helps personalize the legislators of thisstudy, providing a balanced, realistic view. He also offers a new treatment of the representational roles concept, drawing on recent controversies in political science. In this context, he discusses works by Donald Searing, Richard Fenno, Burdett Loomis, and Malcolm Jewell, among others.

Constituent (politics) - A constituent is someone who can or does appoint or elect (and often by implication can also remove or recall) another as his agent or representative. A constituency is all the constituents of a particular agent or representative.

Black box theater - The black-box theatre is a relatively recent innovation, consisting of a simple, somewhat unadorned performance space, usually a large square room with black walls and a flat floor. Such spaces are easily built and maintained, and are usually home to plays or other performances with very basic technical arrangements-- limited sets, simple lighting effects, and an intimate focus on the story, writing, and performances rather than technical elements.

Black Sheep Brewery - The Black Sheep Brewery is a brewery in Masham, Yorkshire. Masham is also the home of the Theakstons brewery.

Black Diamond series - The Black Diamond series was a Disney video series that was created (it was officially titled as "The Classics" or "Walt Disney Classics") due to the popularity of home video, as well as the demand of Disney animated movies on video. It was created in 1984, and its first two releases were Pinocchio and Dumbo that year.

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